Efeito dos compostos fenólicos do alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L) na inflamação aguda e sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo de ratos diabéticos / Effects of the phenolic compounds from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) on acute inflammation and oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), como o diabetes, apresenta estreita relação com os marcadores do estresse oxidativo e da inflamação. Estes marcadores podem ser modulados pelos compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos. Os compostos fenólicos presentes no alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) possuem atividades biológicas importantes, como antioxidante, antiinflamatória, anticarcinogênica, entre outras. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito dos compostos fenólicos do alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) na inflamação aguda e sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo de ratos diabéticos induzidos por estreptozotocina. Métodos: Extrato aquoso (EA) e frações ricas em compostos fenólicos foram obtidos das folhas de alecrim e avaliados quanto à sua composição em fenólicos e capacidades antioxidante e anti-inflamatória in vitro. Ratos Wistar, machos, foram tratados com EA, fração hidroalcoólica (FHA) ou fração de ácidos fenólicos livres (AFL). O efeito do EA, FHA e AFL foram avaliados em ratos diabéticos. Foi avaliada a atividade anti-inflamatória in vivo do EA nos modelos de inflamação aguda: edema de pata e bolsa de ar. O efeito do EA também foi investigado em células de hepatócitos humano (HepG2). Para análise dos resultados utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey), adotando como nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: O EA e suas frações apresentaram alto conteúdo em compostos fenólicos, entre eles os flavonoides. Os ácidos rosmarínico e carnósico foram os compostos majoritários das frações de ácidos fenólicos. A composição em compostos fenólicos contribuiu significativamente para a expressiva capacidade antioxidante e inibitória da lipoxigenase in vitro. O EA de alecrim alterou positivamente a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, reduziu as concentrações séricas de TNF-α e IL-6; e aumentou níveis de LTB4 em animais diabéticos quando comparado ao grupo controle diabético (D-H2O). A AFL não atenuou os marcadores de estresse...

ntroduction: Non-transmissible chronic diseases, such as diabetes, are strongly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation markers, which are known to be modulated by bioactive compounds found in foods. Polyphenols present in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) display important biological activities, including among others, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects. Objective: To assess the effects of polyphenols from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on acute inflammation and oxidative stress markers in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Methods: Aqueous extract and phenolic acid fractions were obtained from rosemary leaves and assayed for their phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The effects of the aqueous extract (EA), the hydroalcoholic fraction (FHA) and the free phenolic fraction (AFL) were assessed in diabetic male Wistar rats. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EA was evaluated against two models of acute inflammation: paw edema and air pouch. The effect of EA was also investigated in human hepatocyte cells (HepG2). Results were compared using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post-test at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, occurred in high quantities in EA and its fractions. Rosmarinic and carnosic acids were found chiefly in the phenolic fractions. The rich phenolic composition contributed significantly to the high in vitro antioxidant activity and lipoxygenase inhibiting capacity observed. The rosemary aqueous extract (EA) positively affected antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations and elevated LTB4 levels in diabetic rats, compared with those in the diabetic control group (D-H2O). Treatment with AFL did not attenuate the oxidative stress markers altered by diabetes. In the acute inflammation models, paw edema was reduced by EA as successfully as by indomethacin (p>0.05)...

The effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) (Lamiaceae) in animal models of memory

Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) demonstrates antioxidant, antidepressant, diuretic, antinociceptive and antiulcerogenic activities. The present study was designed to examine the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis on the memory of male mice. The behavioral tasks employed were social recognition (SR), the Morris water maze (MWM) and an inhibitory avoidance task (IA). The treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg of R. officinalis improved the acquisition phase of learning of a new social memory in the SR task because a decrease was observed in the duration of social investigation. In the Morris water maze, no significant effect was observed on spatial memory when the groups were compared for the time spent in the correct quadrant. In the inhibitory avoidance task, the decrease in the step-down latencies in the test session indicate that 150 mg/kg of R. officinalis improved long-term memory when administered in the consolidation phase of learning. In conclusion, the present study showed that, the hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis at 150 and 300 mg/kg modulated the short- and long-term memories of mice, in a social recognition and inhibitory avoidance task, respectively. This modulator effect was shown to improve learning and memory processes.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Alecrim) possui atividade antioxidante, antidepressiva, diurética, antinociceptiva e antiulcerogênica. O presente estudo foi delineado para investigar o efeito do extrato hidroalcoólico de R. officinallis na memória de camundongos machos. Os modelos comportamentais utilizados foram a tarefa de reconhecimento social (RS), labirinto aquático de Morris (MWM) e esquiva inibitória (EI). O tratamento com 150 e 300mg/kg de R. officinallis, mostrou ter efeito positivo na aquisição de uma nova memória social, na tarefa de reconhecimento social, mostrando redução significativa do tempo de investigação social. No labirinto aquático de Morris, não foi visto efeito significativo na memória espacial, ao comparar o tempo desprendido no quadrante correto entre os diferentes tratamentos. Na esquiva inibitória a latência de descida da plataforma, observada na sessão teste, sugere que o tratamento com a dose 150 mg/kg de R. officinallis tem um efeito positivo na memória de longo prazo, quando administrada na fase de consolidação. Conclui-se que o extrato de R. officinalis nas doses de 150 e 300 mg/kg foi capaz de modular as memórias de curto e longo prazo dos roedores nas tarefas de reconhecimento social e esquiva inibitoria, respectivamente, e esse efeito modulatório melhorou os processos de aprendizado e memória.

Embryotoxicity and anti-implantation effects of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract in pregnant rats within preimplantation period

Previous study made with Rosmarinus officinalis Linné aqueous extract (rosemary) demonstrated that 130 mgkg-1 dose, commonly used as abortive by women, given to pregnant rats during preimplantation period may interfere with embryo implantation, but not disrupt the normal development of conceptus when this extract was given after implantation. The objetive of this study was to verify the mechanism by which a rosemary aqueous extract influences embryo implantation, by correlating its ingestion with possible alterations in embryo development. Pregnant wistar rats were randomly distribuited to 3 groups: one control (water) and 2 experimental groups. The rosemary extract was administered in 2 doses: 260 and 1040 mgkg-1, p.o., to females from GD1 (gestation day 1) to GD4, once daily. Then, each groups was subdivided and killed at 2 different moments: half of the animals at GD5 and the other at GD21, respectively for evaluation of the blastocysts before implantation, and for fetal evaluation. The treatment with 260 mgkg-1 caused a significant increase in the number of anomalous embryos collected in the uterus at GD5, presenting an embryotoxic effect. However, the embryos that managed to implant presented normal development when observed at term of pregnancy due to the absence of anomalies in the fetuses and no increase in the postimplantation loss rate. The administration of 1040 mgkg-1 of the extract did not present any embryotoxic effect. Nevertheless, at GD5, a decrease of 40 percent in the number of blastocysts present in the uterus was observed. This fact suggest that the treatment with the highest dose caused a longer embyo retention in the oviduct. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the constituents of rosemary that are responsible for its embryotoxic effect and delayed embryo arrival at the uterus. Since rosemary is widely used in food preparations, it is important to realize more studies to determine the constituents that are responsible for the effects of rosemary aqueous extract.